In particular, concerns were raised that industry laboratories were largely allowed full patent rights of technologies developed with federal funds. In industrial laboratories, the concentration of workers and funding (some through military and government programs as a result of Roosevelt's New Deal) would eventually raise concern during the wartime period. Within University laboratories, almost all support came from private contributions and charitable foundations. Academic research in science and engineering occasionally received federal funding. Timeline Pre–World War II Īlthough the federal government had established nearly 40 scientific organizations between 19, the US relied upon a primarily laissez-faire approach to scientific research and development. ![]() According to FY 2020 numbers, the median annualized award size is $153,800 and the average duration of an award is 2.9 years. In FY 2021, the estimates are 43,200 and 11,500 respectively, giving a funding rate of 26.6%. In Fiscal Year 2020, NSF received 42,400 proposals and awarded 12,100, for a funding rate of 28%. ![]() In 2012, political science research was barred from NSF funding by the passage of the Flake Amendment, breaking the precedent of granting the NSF autonomy to determine its own priorities. Ultimately, the OMB's 75% reduction proposal failed, but the NSF Economics Program budget did fall 40%. Moffit suggests a connection between this proposal and Democratic Senator William Proxmire's Golden Fleece Award series criticizing "frivolous" government spending - Proxmire's first Golden Fleece had been awarded to the NSF in 1975 for granting $84,000 to a social science project investigating why people fall in love. In 1981, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) introduced a proposal to reduce the NSF social sciences directorate's budget by 75%. Various bills have sought to direct funds within the NSF. More recently, the NSF has focused on obtaining high return on investment from their spending on scientific research. NSF has published annual reports since 1950, which since the new millennium have been two reports, variously called "Performance Report" and "Accountability Report" or "Performance Highlights" and "Financial Highlights" the latest available FY 2013 Agency Financial Report was posted December 16, 2013, and the six-page FY 2013 Performance and Financial Highlights was posted March 25, 2013. That support is manifested in an expanding budget-from $1 billion in 1983 to $8.28 billion for FY 2020. Since the technology boom of the 1980s, the US Congress has generally embraced the premise that government-funded basic research is essential for the nation's economic health and global competitiveness, and for national defense. federal agency with a mandate to support all non-medical fields of research. Its stated mission is "to promote the progress of science, to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare, and to secure the national defense." The NSF's scope has expanded over the years to include many areas that were not in its initial portfolio, including the social and behavioral sciences, engineering, and science and mathematics education. The National Science Foundation (NSF) was established by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950. The current NSF director is Sethuraman Panchanathan. The director and deputy director are responsible for administration, planning, budgeting and day-to-day operations of the foundation, while the NSB meets six times a year to establish its overall policies. The NSF's director and deputy director are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate, whereas the 24 president-appointed members of the National Science Board (NSB) do not require Senate confirmation. In some fields, such as mathematics, computer science, economics, and the social sciences, the NSF is the major source of federal backing. With an annual budget of about $8.3 billion (fiscal year 2020), the NSF funds approximately 25% of all federally supported basic research conducted by the United States' colleges and universities. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. The National Science Foundation ( NSF) is an independent agency of the United States government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
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